![]() ![]() Here, cooperators and their heterotypic cooperative partners (partners) exchanged distinct essential metabolites. ![]() How might a spatial environment, which facilitates repeated interactions, promote fitness-feedback? We examined this process through mathematical models and engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains incapable of recognition. In ‘partner choice’, cooperators recognize and choose cooperating over cheating partners in ‘partner fidelity feedback’, fitness-feedback from repeated interactions ensures that aiding your partner helps yourself. Two mechanisms can stabilize heterotypic cooperation. Cheaters, exploiting benefits while evading contribution, can undermine cooperation. Heterotypic cooperation-two populations exchanging distinct benefits that are costly to produce-is widespread. ![]()
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